Monday December 31, 2007
Case; 79 year old male admitted with Non ST segment elevation acute MI (myocardial infarction). Patient is treated conservatively without any invasive intervention. Clinically patient stabalized, has no symptoms and echocardiogram remains stable. Pt. seems ready to go to telemetry floor on 4th day of admission but on review of labs, Troponin-I remain elevated around 18 ng per milliliter.
Answer: Troponin, once secreted, remains elevated for 7-10 days.
Troponin I is not expressed in human skeletal muscle and is highly specific for myocardial tissue, and should not be detectable in the blood of healthy persons but remains elevated for 7 to 10 days after an episode of myocardial infarction.
References: click to get abstract / article
1. Cardiac-Specific Troponin I Levels to Predict the Risk of Mortality in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes - Volume 335:1342-1349, October 31, 1996, The New England Journal of Medicine
Monday, December 31, 2007
Sunday, December 30, 2007
Sunday December 30, 2007
Case; 67 year old male admitted with acute GI bleed seconday to coumadin (warfarin) overdose with INR more than 7. You ordered, pRBC, FFP (fresh frozen plasma) and IV vitamin K. But you are afraid that patient may not survive before all the infusions are available. What could be your choice in such desperation?
A; recombinant FVIIa (Novo seven)
In many anecdotal reports (see references), novoseven has showed very quick reversal of PT / INR.
References:
1. Recombinant factor VIIa corrects prothrombin time in cirrhotic patients: A preliminary study: Gastroenterology 113:1930-1937, 1997
2. Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) successfully and rapidly corrects the excessively high international normalized ratios (INR) and prothrombin times induced by warfarin. Blood 96 (11 Part 1): 638a, 2000
3. Reversal of Warfarin-Induced Excessive Anticoagulation with Recombinant Human Factor VIIa Concentrate. Ann Inter Med. 137:884-888, 2002
4. Hemorrhagic complication of thrombocytopenia and oral anticoagulant: Is there a role for recombinant activated factor VII ?. Intensive Care Med 28 (Suppl 2):S228, 2002
Case; 67 year old male admitted with acute GI bleed seconday to coumadin (warfarin) overdose with INR more than 7. You ordered, pRBC, FFP (fresh frozen plasma) and IV vitamin K. But you are afraid that patient may not survive before all the infusions are available. What could be your choice in such desperation?
A; recombinant FVIIa (Novo seven)
In many anecdotal reports (see references), novoseven has showed very quick reversal of PT / INR.
References:
1. Recombinant factor VIIa corrects prothrombin time in cirrhotic patients: A preliminary study: Gastroenterology 113:1930-1937, 1997
2. Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) successfully and rapidly corrects the excessively high international normalized ratios (INR) and prothrombin times induced by warfarin. Blood 96 (11 Part 1): 638a, 2000
3. Reversal of Warfarin-Induced Excessive Anticoagulation with Recombinant Human Factor VIIa Concentrate. Ann Inter Med. 137:884-888, 2002
4. Hemorrhagic complication of thrombocytopenia and oral anticoagulant: Is there a role for recombinant activated factor VII ?. Intensive Care Med 28 (Suppl 2):S228, 2002
Saturday, December 29, 2007
Saturday December 29, 2007
Cuff pressure on tracheal tubes
Q; What should be the optimal pressure applied to tracheal tube cuffs?
A; 20 - 30 cm H2O.
Cuff pressure should not exceed the capillary occlusion pressure of the tracheal wall. The concern is that with increasing cuff pressure beyond given threshold, it may compromise mucosal blood supply and may result in subglottic stenosis. Tracheal mucosal ischemia occurs when endotracheal tube cuff pressure exceeds above 34 cm H2O (some suggests it is safe till 40 cm H2O).
Cuff pressure on tracheal tubes
Q; What should be the optimal pressure applied to tracheal tube cuffs?
A; 20 - 30 cm H2O.
Cuff pressure should not exceed the capillary occlusion pressure of the tracheal wall. The concern is that with increasing cuff pressure beyond given threshold, it may compromise mucosal blood supply and may result in subglottic stenosis. Tracheal mucosal ischemia occurs when endotracheal tube cuff pressure exceeds above 34 cm H2O (some suggests it is safe till 40 cm H2O).
See pictures of couple of cuff pressure check or controller devices for (endo)tracheal tubes. Click on pictures to reach company's web site.
Note: we have no relationship with any commercial product and info. given here is solely for educational purpose.
Related previous pearl: Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressure and VAP
Related previous pearl: Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressure and VAP
Friday, December 28, 2007
Friday December 28, 2007
Abdominal exam in pneumothorax
Q; Why abdominal exam is important in pneumothorax?
A; Abdominal distension could be appreciated in pneumothorax as increased pressure in the thoracic cavity produces caudal deviation of the diaphragm. Also, secondary pneumoperitoneum may produced as air dissects across the diaphragm through the pores of Kohn.
Related previous pearl: Skinfold or pneumothorax ?
Abdominal exam in pneumothorax
Q; Why abdominal exam is important in pneumothorax?
A; Abdominal distension could be appreciated in pneumothorax as increased pressure in the thoracic cavity produces caudal deviation of the diaphragm. Also, secondary pneumoperitoneum may produced as air dissects across the diaphragm through the pores of Kohn.
Related previous pearl: Skinfold or pneumothorax ?
Thursday, December 27, 2007
Thursday December 27, 2007
“MEL GIBSON” in ICU / ICU Daily Goals Worksheet
Dr. Vincent, Jean-Louis proposed "Fast Hug" mnemonic (Feeding, Analgesia, Sedation, Thromboembolic prophylaxis, Head-of-bed elevation, stress Ulcer prevention, and Glucose control) to make sure we cover key aspects of day to day care of ICU. 1 Here is another mnemonic "MEL GIBSON" everyday in ICU.
M Medication list reviewed.
E Extremities covered (DVT prophylaxis). Also “E” for exercise (change of position, Out of bed, Physical Therapy).
L Labs and Radiological studies reviewed.
G Glucose control.
I Infection control measures taken, including elevation of bed to 30 degrees, lines reviewed etc.
B Breathing. Did we allow our patient to have sponteneous breathing everyday. This include sedation break everyday to patient.
S Swan /Hemodynamics/volume (Saline) status reviewed.
O Oxygen supply status, including review of Oxygen Extraction ratio, if applicable.
N Nutrition/GI prophylaxis.
Related: Please click here to read about ICU Daily Goals Worksheet from IHI.
References: Click to get articles/abstract
1. Give your patient a fast hug (at least) once a day - Critical Care Medicine. 33(6):1225-1229, June 2005
“MEL GIBSON” in ICU / ICU Daily Goals Worksheet
Dr. Vincent, Jean-Louis proposed "Fast Hug" mnemonic (Feeding, Analgesia, Sedation, Thromboembolic prophylaxis, Head-of-bed elevation, stress Ulcer prevention, and Glucose control) to make sure we cover key aspects of day to day care of ICU. 1 Here is another mnemonic "MEL GIBSON" everyday in ICU.
M Medication list reviewed.
E Extremities covered (DVT prophylaxis). Also “E” for exercise (change of position, Out of bed, Physical Therapy).
L Labs and Radiological studies reviewed.
G Glucose control.
I Infection control measures taken, including elevation of bed to 30 degrees, lines reviewed etc.
B Breathing. Did we allow our patient to have sponteneous breathing everyday. This include sedation break everyday to patient.
S Swan /Hemodynamics/volume (Saline) status reviewed.
O Oxygen supply status, including review of Oxygen Extraction ratio, if applicable.
N Nutrition/GI prophylaxis.
Related: Please click here to read about ICU Daily Goals Worksheet from IHI.
References: Click to get articles/abstract
1. Give your patient a fast hug (at least) once a day - Critical Care Medicine. 33(6):1225-1229, June 2005
Wednesday, December 26, 2007
Wednesday December 26, 2007
Case: You have been called by nurse as radial artery "A-line" continue to have 'problems'. You decide to change it over wire. Despite changing it over wire, it does not produce satisfatory waveform on monitor. What should be your next thought?
Answer: Probable radial artery occlusion
Radial artery occlusion can be encountered in upto 30% of patients and incidence is higher than expected. It is of legal importance to document Allen's test prior to radial artery insertion and assessment of flow with ultrasound is desirable. 20-gauge cannulae is safest. Radial artery occlusion is relatively more common in females. Other factors include insertion technique (causing hematoma), low cardiac output, anticoagulation (prone to cause hematoma), duration of cannulation, vasopressors and previous surgical history etc. Heparinized solution has no advantage over regular saline flushes.
In case of suspected ischemia, catheter should be removed and the hand should be monitored closely. Its not advisable to apply warm wrap as it may make ischemia worse. Arterial duplex Doppler sonography should be ordered to rule out arterial spasm, delineate areas of occlusion, thrombus formatiom and flow through the artery. If arterial duplex suspects spasm, a sympathetic block can be performed at bedside to induce vasodilatation. In such cases, vascular consult is recommended. If required angiography should be performed to evaluate the the need of operative intervention for clot removal, repair of lacerated radial artery, or to perform a graft procedure. Intravenous heparin can be used if no contraindication and local thrombolytic therapy can also be applied.
Beside above treatment modalities, nursing interventions include close monitoring, splinting of arm and demarcation of ischemic area.
References / recommended readings; click to get abstract / article
1. Cannulation Injury of the Radial Artery: Diagnosis and Treatment Algorithm Am. J. Crit. Care., July 1, 2004; 13(4): 315 - 319.
2. RADIAL ARTERY CANNULATION - British Journal of Anaesthesia, 1980, Vol. 52, No. 1 41-47
3. Cannulation Injuries of the Radial Artery Am. J. Crit. Care., July 1, 2004; 13(4): 314 - 315.
4. Severe ischemia of the hand following radial artery catheterization. Surgery. 1976;80:449–457
5. Ischaemia of the hand after radial artery monitoring. Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;4:456–458
6. Complications during and following radial artery cannulation: a prospective study. Intensive Care Med. 1986;12:424–428
7. Radial artery cannulation in 1000 patients: precautions and complications. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1977;2:482–485.
8. On the safety of radial artery cannulation. Anesthesiology. 1983;59:42–47.
Case: You have been called by nurse as radial artery "A-line" continue to have 'problems'. You decide to change it over wire. Despite changing it over wire, it does not produce satisfatory waveform on monitor. What should be your next thought?
Answer: Probable radial artery occlusion
Radial artery occlusion can be encountered in upto 30% of patients and incidence is higher than expected. It is of legal importance to document Allen's test prior to radial artery insertion and assessment of flow with ultrasound is desirable. 20-gauge cannulae is safest. Radial artery occlusion is relatively more common in females. Other factors include insertion technique (causing hematoma), low cardiac output, anticoagulation (prone to cause hematoma), duration of cannulation, vasopressors and previous surgical history etc. Heparinized solution has no advantage over regular saline flushes.
In case of suspected ischemia, catheter should be removed and the hand should be monitored closely. Its not advisable to apply warm wrap as it may make ischemia worse. Arterial duplex Doppler sonography should be ordered to rule out arterial spasm, delineate areas of occlusion, thrombus formatiom and flow through the artery. If arterial duplex suspects spasm, a sympathetic block can be performed at bedside to induce vasodilatation. In such cases, vascular consult is recommended. If required angiography should be performed to evaluate the the need of operative intervention for clot removal, repair of lacerated radial artery, or to perform a graft procedure. Intravenous heparin can be used if no contraindication and local thrombolytic therapy can also be applied.
Beside above treatment modalities, nursing interventions include close monitoring, splinting of arm and demarcation of ischemic area.
References / recommended readings; click to get abstract / article
1. Cannulation Injury of the Radial Artery: Diagnosis and Treatment Algorithm Am. J. Crit. Care., July 1, 2004; 13(4): 315 - 319.
2. RADIAL ARTERY CANNULATION - British Journal of Anaesthesia, 1980, Vol. 52, No. 1 41-47
3. Cannulation Injuries of the Radial Artery Am. J. Crit. Care., July 1, 2004; 13(4): 314 - 315.
4. Severe ischemia of the hand following radial artery catheterization. Surgery. 1976;80:449–457
5. Ischaemia of the hand after radial artery monitoring. Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;4:456–458
6. Complications during and following radial artery cannulation: a prospective study. Intensive Care Med. 1986;12:424–428
7. Radial artery cannulation in 1000 patients: precautions and complications. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1977;2:482–485.
8. On the safety of radial artery cannulation. Anesthesiology. 1983;59:42–47.
Tuesday, December 25, 2007
Monday, December 24, 2007
Monday December 24, 2007
Case: 57 year old female, newly hemodialysis patient, transferred from floor to ICU after she developed seizure at the end of her dialysis session. No significant risk factor could be find otherwise. Nurse reports patient appear irritable and restless before episode and complain of headache, nausea and blurred vision. While resident was called to evaluate as patient also noticed to have muscular twitching and confusion, symptoms progressed and seizure was witnessed.
Answer: Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome.
Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome is common during hemodialysis particularly patient’s first few dialysis sessions. It is characterized by neurologic symptoms of varying severity and actually may lead to herniation and death. The rapid reduction in BUN lowers the plasma osmolality, creating a transient osmotic gradient that promotes water movement into the cells, causing cerebral edema and consequently acute neurologic dysfunction. With better understanding of the process and newer dialysis techniques, severe form of syndrome is now not commonly seen. This not only explains that why our nephrology colleagues start with gentle but frequent sessions but also explains one of the several benefits of mannitol during dialysis.
Read interesting article from University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada : Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome: Brain death following hemodialysis for metabolic acidosis and acute renal failure - A case report followed with discussion and different management modalities (Ref.: BMC Nephrol. 2004; 5: 9.)
Case: 57 year old female, newly hemodialysis patient, transferred from floor to ICU after she developed seizure at the end of her dialysis session. No significant risk factor could be find otherwise. Nurse reports patient appear irritable and restless before episode and complain of headache, nausea and blurred vision. While resident was called to evaluate as patient also noticed to have muscular twitching and confusion, symptoms progressed and seizure was witnessed.
Answer: Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome.
Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome is common during hemodialysis particularly patient’s first few dialysis sessions. It is characterized by neurologic symptoms of varying severity and actually may lead to herniation and death. The rapid reduction in BUN lowers the plasma osmolality, creating a transient osmotic gradient that promotes water movement into the cells, causing cerebral edema and consequently acute neurologic dysfunction. With better understanding of the process and newer dialysis techniques, severe form of syndrome is now not commonly seen. This not only explains that why our nephrology colleagues start with gentle but frequent sessions but also explains one of the several benefits of mannitol during dialysis.
Read interesting article from University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada : Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome: Brain death following hemodialysis for metabolic acidosis and acute renal failure - A case report followed with discussion and different management modalities (Ref.: BMC Nephrol. 2004; 5: 9.)
Sunday, December 23, 2007
Saturday, December 22, 2007
Saturday December 22, 2007
Re. Fentanyl Cough
Fentanyl is probably the most commonly used opioid in ICUs. Fentanyl is associated with coughing in upto 30% of patients. Usually its benign but may become explosive causing discomfort and increased intracranial and intra-ocular pressures. The various mechanisms proposed to explain fentanyl induced cough are inhibition of central sympathetic outflow leading to vagal predominance, histamine release or deformation of the tracheobronchial wall stimulating the irritant receptors.
Treatment is aerosol inhalation of Salbutamol, beclomethasone or sodium chromoglycate if needed.
References: click to get abstract / article
1. Explosive coughing after bolus fentanyl injection. Anesth Analg 2001; 92: 1442–3.
2. Tussive effect of a fentanyl bolus administered through a central venous catheter. Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 18–21.
3. Tussive effect of a fentanyl bolus. Can J Anaesth 1991; 38: 330–4
4. Central vagal control of fentanyl-induced bradycardia during halothane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1978; 57: 31–6
5. Tracheal constriction by morphine and by fentanyl in man. Anesthesiology 1978; 49: 117–9.
6. Salbutamol, beclomethasone or sodium chromoglycate suppress coughing induced by iv fentanyl Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 50:297-300 (2003)
Re. Fentanyl Cough
Fentanyl is probably the most commonly used opioid in ICUs. Fentanyl is associated with coughing in upto 30% of patients. Usually its benign but may become explosive causing discomfort and increased intracranial and intra-ocular pressures. The various mechanisms proposed to explain fentanyl induced cough are inhibition of central sympathetic outflow leading to vagal predominance, histamine release or deformation of the tracheobronchial wall stimulating the irritant receptors.
Treatment is aerosol inhalation of Salbutamol, beclomethasone or sodium chromoglycate if needed.
References: click to get abstract / article
1. Explosive coughing after bolus fentanyl injection. Anesth Analg 2001; 92: 1442–3.
2. Tussive effect of a fentanyl bolus administered through a central venous catheter. Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 18–21.
3. Tussive effect of a fentanyl bolus. Can J Anaesth 1991; 38: 330–4
4. Central vagal control of fentanyl-induced bradycardia during halothane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1978; 57: 31–6
5. Tracheal constriction by morphine and by fentanyl in man. Anesthesiology 1978; 49: 117–9.
6. Salbutamol, beclomethasone or sodium chromoglycate suppress coughing induced by iv fentanyl Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 50:297-300 (2003)
Friday, December 21, 2007
Friday December 21, 2007
What is the difference between Renagel and Renvela ?
Sevelamer is indicated for the control of serum phosphorus (P) in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease on hemodialysis. Sevelamer controls phosphorus and "Ca x P product" without the concerns of metal accumulation.
Renagel and Renvela are two forms of Sevelamar.
Renagel is Sevelamar Hydrochloride while Renvela is the Sevelamar carbonate. Both tablets are produced by the same company and available in 800 mg forms.
Renvela, being in carbonate form has advantage as acid buffer and reduce the risk of acidosis. Renvela is a a next generation phosphate binder which will eventually replace Renagel (sevelamer hydrochloride).
What is the difference between Renagel and Renvela ?
Sevelamer is indicated for the control of serum phosphorus (P) in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease on hemodialysis. Sevelamer controls phosphorus and "Ca x P product" without the concerns of metal accumulation.
Renagel and Renvela are two forms of Sevelamar.
Renagel is Sevelamar Hydrochloride while Renvela is the Sevelamar carbonate. Both tablets are produced by the same company and available in 800 mg forms.
Renvela, being in carbonate form has advantage as acid buffer and reduce the risk of acidosis. Renvela is a a next generation phosphate binder which will eventually replace Renagel (sevelamer hydrochloride).
Thursday, December 20, 2007
Thursday December 20, 2007
Bedside tip - ECMO and lipid infusion
If you have a patient receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), TPN * should be instituted WITHOUT IV lipids. IV lipid emulsion increases the incidence of layering out, agglutination, or clot formation during ECMO. This may result in disruption of normal ECMO blood flow.
* TPN = Total Parenteral Nutrition
Related previous pearls: ECMO, ABGs while patient on ECMO
Important trial to watch: Multicenter CESAR trial - (Conventional ventilation or ECMO for Severe Adult Respiratory Failure - 180 patients) - The first international presentation of the results will be presented at the Society of Critical Care Medicine's 37th Critical Care Congess in Hawaii, February 2008.
References :
1. Comparison of methods for intravenous infusion of fat emulsion during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation . Pharmacotherapy 2005;25(11):1536-1540
Bedside tip - ECMO and lipid infusion
If you have a patient receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), TPN * should be instituted WITHOUT IV lipids. IV lipid emulsion increases the incidence of layering out, agglutination, or clot formation during ECMO. This may result in disruption of normal ECMO blood flow.
* TPN = Total Parenteral Nutrition
Related previous pearls: ECMO, ABGs while patient on ECMO
Important trial to watch: Multicenter CESAR trial - (Conventional ventilation or ECMO for Severe Adult Respiratory Failure - 180 patients) - The first international presentation of the results will be presented at the Society of Critical Care Medicine's 37th Critical Care Congess in Hawaii, February 2008.
References :
1. Comparison of methods for intravenous infusion of fat emulsion during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation . Pharmacotherapy 2005;25(11):1536-1540
Wednesday, December 19, 2007
Wednesday December 19, 2007
4 Carbapenems
Doripenem is the new agent added to the list of Carbapenems, making the list to grow to 4.
References : click to get abstract/article
1. In Vitro Activity of Doripenem (S-4661) against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli Isolated from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis - Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, June 2005, p. 2510-2511, Vol. 49, No. 6
2. Doripenem (S-4661), a novel carbapenem: comparative activity against contemporary pathogens including bactericidal action and preliminary in vitro methods evaluations - Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2004 54(1):144-154;
4 Carbapenems
Doripenem is the new agent added to the list of Carbapenems, making the list to grow to 4.
- Primaxin (imipenem/cilastatin),
- Meropenem (Merrem),
- Invanz (ertapenem) and
- Doripenem (Doribax)
Major points to remember about each carbapenem is
Primaxin is marked by associated neurotoxicity. It may decrease seizure threshold, particularly in renal patients.
Invanz is a very effective broad-spectrum choice against community acquired severe infections but does not cover pseudomonas and acinetobacter. It is now increasingly used as prophylaxis of surgical site infection following elective colorectal surgery, given as single 1-g dose given within 1 hour before surgical incision.
Meropenem is safest in terms of neuro-toxicity and also covers MDR pseudumonas and acinetobacter.
Newly introduced Doripenem is similar in clinical use as meropenem but is highly more effective with lower 50% inhibitory concentrations (MIC50) and 90% inhibitory concentrations (MIC90) for multidrug-resistant strains of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nonmucoid P. aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia complex. This gives it advantage to be use in cases previously refractory to carbapenem therapy.
References : click to get abstract/article
1. In Vitro Activity of Doripenem (S-4661) against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli Isolated from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis - Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, June 2005, p. 2510-2511, Vol. 49, No. 6
2. Doripenem (S-4661), a novel carbapenem: comparative activity against contemporary pathogens including bactericidal action and preliminary in vitro methods evaluations - Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2004 54(1):144-154;
Tuesday, December 18, 2007
Tuesday December 18, 2007
Thing you may like to know about viagra !
There are recent reports and FDA warning for cases of sudden decreases or loss of hearing following the use of PDE5 inhibitors, Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis (erectile dysfunction) and Revatio (pulmonary arterial hypertension). Hearing loss is mostly unilateral, may be sudden and may accompanied by tinnitus, vertigo and dizziness. Also, there are concerns that hearing loss may persist for long.
As PDE5 inhibitors are getting more commonly used in ICUs for pulmonary HTN, it may be of importance to be aware of this side effect.
Reference:
Sildenafil (marketed as Viagra and Revatio) Vardenafil (marketed as Levitra) Tadalafil (marketed as Cialis) - FDA
Thing you may like to know about viagra !
There are recent reports and FDA warning for cases of sudden decreases or loss of hearing following the use of PDE5 inhibitors, Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis (erectile dysfunction) and Revatio (pulmonary arterial hypertension). Hearing loss is mostly unilateral, may be sudden and may accompanied by tinnitus, vertigo and dizziness. Also, there are concerns that hearing loss may persist for long.
As PDE5 inhibitors are getting more commonly used in ICUs for pulmonary HTN, it may be of importance to be aware of this side effect.
Reference:
Sildenafil (marketed as Viagra and Revatio) Vardenafil (marketed as Levitra) Tadalafil (marketed as Cialis) - FDA
Monday, December 17, 2007
Monday December 17, 2007
Re. Purple Glove Syndrome
Here are few responses re. our pearl from 2 days back, Phenytoin induced Purple glove syndrome
1) "I've given a lot of phenytoin over the years and I've never seen this. Neither have most of the people I know. The Mayo epilepsy group are are very good, and I don't discount what they have written (upto 5.9% *) but it seems unusual that no one else seems to see it more often than once in a blue moon. I have seen bad extravasations, which is more likely the cause of the problem. And, the crystallization of phenytoin in microvessels makes no sense as an explanation of a local complication for a drug being given intravenously.
Disclaimer: Much of the phenytoin I've given has been through a central line, where this wouldn't be an issue ".
* (Ref. # 1 in said pearl: Incidence and clinical consequences of purple glove syndrome in patients receiving intravenous phenytoin, Neurology, 1998:51:1034-1039),
Thomas P. Bleck MD FCCM
Ruggles Chairman of Neurology, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare;
Vice Chair for Academic Programs, Department of Neurology, and
Professor of Neurology, Neurological Surgery, and Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Founding Past President, The Neurocritical Care Society(http://www.neurocriticalcare.org)
2) "It must be once in a blue moon, as I have witnessed this only twice during my practice. Please check out the link below
Photo Quiz - Distal Upper Extremity Edema and Discoloration
Surindra J. Singh, M.D., Intensivist, VAMC, Salem, VA 24153 Surindra.Singh@va.gov
3) "This is well described with thiopentone and other drugs which is worsened by inadvertent intra-arterial injection.(Intravenous injection is followed by secondary arterial spasm) Things to do is heparinization. IV /intrarterial lignocaine and a symptathetic blockade by an axillary block to relieve reflex vsasopspasm. The one thing NOT to do is remove the intrarterial line if this happens due to inadvertent intrarterial injection. immediately inject any vasodilator like nitroglycerine or nitroprusside, heparin and papaverine diluted in blood through the line. If the line is removed intrarterial accesss will be lost. Many a time so called intravenous access is actually due to an intrarterial placement of a variant branch of the radial arterywhich being a smaller brach does not give a very good arterial flashback.This is well described in the 1960's by Bailey in his textbook of emergency surgery. A point well to be learnt from a historical textbook that has a lot of home truths which are true even today".
"Prasanna Simha M" , prasannasimha@gmail.com
Re. Purple Glove Syndrome
Here are few responses re. our pearl from 2 days back, Phenytoin induced Purple glove syndrome
1) "I've given a lot of phenytoin over the years and I've never seen this. Neither have most of the people I know. The Mayo epilepsy group are are very good, and I don't discount what they have written (upto 5.9% *) but it seems unusual that no one else seems to see it more often than once in a blue moon. I have seen bad extravasations, which is more likely the cause of the problem. And, the crystallization of phenytoin in microvessels makes no sense as an explanation of a local complication for a drug being given intravenously.
Disclaimer: Much of the phenytoin I've given has been through a central line, where this wouldn't be an issue ".
* (Ref. # 1 in said pearl: Incidence and clinical consequences of purple glove syndrome in patients receiving intravenous phenytoin, Neurology, 1998:51:1034-1039),
Thomas P. Bleck MD FCCM
Ruggles Chairman of Neurology, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare;
Vice Chair for Academic Programs, Department of Neurology, and
Professor of Neurology, Neurological Surgery, and Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Founding Past President, The Neurocritical Care Society(http://www.neurocriticalcare.org)
2) "It must be once in a blue moon, as I have witnessed this only twice during my practice. Please check out the link below
Photo Quiz - Distal Upper Extremity Edema and Discoloration
Surindra J. Singh, M.D., Intensivist, VAMC, Salem, VA 24153 Surindra.Singh@va.gov
3) "This is well described with thiopentone and other drugs which is worsened by inadvertent intra-arterial injection.(Intravenous injection is followed by secondary arterial spasm) Things to do is heparinization. IV /intrarterial lignocaine and a symptathetic blockade by an axillary block to relieve reflex vsasopspasm. The one thing NOT to do is remove the intrarterial line if this happens due to inadvertent intrarterial injection. immediately inject any vasodilator like nitroglycerine or nitroprusside, heparin and papaverine diluted in blood through the line. If the line is removed intrarterial accesss will be lost. Many a time so called intravenous access is actually due to an intrarterial placement of a variant branch of the radial arterywhich being a smaller brach does not give a very good arterial flashback.This is well described in the 1960's by Bailey in his textbook of emergency surgery. A point well to be learnt from a historical textbook that has a lot of home truths which are true even today".
"Prasanna Simha M" , prasannasimha@gmail.com
Sunday, December 16, 2007
Sunday December 16, 2007
Case: 47 year old male of Indian sub-continent origin admitted to ICU with status epilepticus. Patient has recently been started on TB prophylaxis medicine at his new work place. What is your probable diagnosis and what would be the treatment?
Answer: Isoniazid (INH) induced seizures.
Isoniazid (INH) induced seizures is unique in the sense that it is usually refractory to standard anticonvulsant therapy. Even dose as low as as 1.5 g can be neurologically toxic.
INH induced seizure requires administration of a specific antidote, pyridoxine (B-6), with dose of 5 gram in IV form. Dose can be repeated 2 to 3 times if needed.
Reference: click to get article
1. INH Induced Status Epilepticus: Response to Pyridoxine - [Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2006; 48: 205-206].
Case: 47 year old male of Indian sub-continent origin admitted to ICU with status epilepticus. Patient has recently been started on TB prophylaxis medicine at his new work place. What is your probable diagnosis and what would be the treatment?
Answer: Isoniazid (INH) induced seizures.
Isoniazid (INH) induced seizures is unique in the sense that it is usually refractory to standard anticonvulsant therapy. Even dose as low as as 1.5 g can be neurologically toxic.
INH induced seizure requires administration of a specific antidote, pyridoxine (B-6), with dose of 5 gram in IV form. Dose can be repeated 2 to 3 times if needed.
Reference: click to get article
1. INH Induced Status Epilepticus: Response to Pyridoxine - [Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2006; 48: 205-206].
Saturday, December 15, 2007
Saturday December 15, 2007
Wernicke's Encephalopathy in ICU
Q: Can Wernicke's Encephalopathy be iatrogenic in ICU ?
A: Yes, it can be precipitated in any patient by glucose (like D-5, D-10 or D-50) administration who is thiamine deficient. It is not limited to alcoholics and can happen in any nutritionally deficient patient. It is always a good idea to add thiamine in D-5 drip in patients who are at risk of Wernicke's Encephalopathy. Disorder was described about 25 years ago by Carl Wernicke as a triad of
Read a case of Wernicke's encephalopathy. in a non-alcoholic patient with MRI findings here ( Ref.: The New England Journal of Medicine, Kaineg and Hudgins 352 (19): e18, May 12, 2005 )
Also see full review article Wernicke's encephalopathy at emedicine.com
Refrences: click to get abstract/article
1. Incidence and clinical consequences of purple glove syndrome in patients receiving intravenous phenytoin, Neurology, 1998:51:1034-1039.
2. A prospective study of the purple glove syndrome , Epilepsia, 2001:42(9):1156-1159.
3. Purple glove syndrome : A complication of intravenous phenytoin, J. of Neuroscience Nursing, 1992:24(8):340-345.
4. Purple glove syndrome: a complication of intravenous phenytoin. - J Neurosci Nurs.1992 Dec;24(6):340-5
Wernicke's Encephalopathy in ICU
Q: Can Wernicke's Encephalopathy be iatrogenic in ICU ?
A: Yes, it can be precipitated in any patient by glucose (like D-5, D-10 or D-50) administration who is thiamine deficient. It is not limited to alcoholics and can happen in any nutritionally deficient patient. It is always a good idea to add thiamine in D-5 drip in patients who are at risk of Wernicke's Encephalopathy. Disorder was described about 25 years ago by Carl Wernicke as a triad of
- acute mental confusion
- ataxia
- opthalmoplegia
Read a case of Wernicke's encephalopathy. in a non-alcoholic patient with MRI findings here ( Ref.: The New England Journal of Medicine, Kaineg and Hudgins 352 (19): e18, May 12, 2005 )
Also see full review article Wernicke's encephalopathy at emedicine.com
Refrences: click to get abstract/article
1. Incidence and clinical consequences of purple glove syndrome in patients receiving intravenous phenytoin, Neurology, 1998:51:1034-1039.
2. A prospective study of the purple glove syndrome , Epilepsia, 2001:42(9):1156-1159.
3. Purple glove syndrome : A complication of intravenous phenytoin, J. of Neuroscience Nursing, 1992:24(8):340-345.
4. Purple glove syndrome: a complication of intravenous phenytoin. - J Neurosci Nurs.1992 Dec;24(6):340-5
Friday, December 14, 2007
Friday December 14, 2007
Phenytoin induced Purple glove syndrome
Purple glove syndrome also known as PGS is a progressive distal limb edema, discoloration, and pain after peripheral administration of phenytoin. If unrecognised, it may lead to severe skin necrosis, limb ischemia and to compartment syndromes. It is a fairly unknown and under diagnosed complication with IV Phenytoin and reported in upto 5% of cases. It is mostly overlooked due to reflexly made diagnosis of cellulitis at IV site.
Mechanism of action: 2 probable mechanisms has been described.
1. Phenytoin is poorly soluble at neutral PH. Solutions like sodium hydroxide, propylene glycol and ethanol are added to enhance solubility by increasing PH. Highly alkaline solution may induce vasoconstriction and thrombosis in vessels – may allow leakage into interstitial space.
2. Mixing of alkaline phenytoin solution with blood induce precip. of phenytoin crystals, leading to obstruction of micro vessels causing ischemia and also may induce leakage.
Treatment : is mostly supportive with elevation of limb, compression, dry, gentle heat, galvanic stimulation and in severe cases fasciotomy, skin grafting or amputation.
Refrences: click to get abstract/article
1. Incidence and clinical consequences of purple glove syndrome in patients receiving intravenous phenytoin, Neurology, 1998:51:1034-1039.
2. A prospective study of the purple glove syndrome , Epilepsia, 2001:42(9):1156-1159.
3. Purple glove syndrome : A complication of intravenous phenytoin, J. of Neuroscience Nursing, 1992:24(8):340-345.
4. Purple glove syndrome: a complication of intravenous phenytoin. - J Neurosci Nurs.1992 Dec;24(6):340-5
Phenytoin induced Purple glove syndrome
Purple glove syndrome also known as PGS is a progressive distal limb edema, discoloration, and pain after peripheral administration of phenytoin. If unrecognised, it may lead to severe skin necrosis, limb ischemia and to compartment syndromes. It is a fairly unknown and under diagnosed complication with IV Phenytoin and reported in upto 5% of cases. It is mostly overlooked due to reflexly made diagnosis of cellulitis at IV site.
Mechanism of action: 2 probable mechanisms has been described.
1. Phenytoin is poorly soluble at neutral PH. Solutions like sodium hydroxide, propylene glycol and ethanol are added to enhance solubility by increasing PH. Highly alkaline solution may induce vasoconstriction and thrombosis in vessels – may allow leakage into interstitial space.
2. Mixing of alkaline phenytoin solution with blood induce precip. of phenytoin crystals, leading to obstruction of micro vessels causing ischemia and also may induce leakage.
Treatment : is mostly supportive with elevation of limb, compression, dry, gentle heat, galvanic stimulation and in severe cases fasciotomy, skin grafting or amputation.
Refrences: click to get abstract/article
1. Incidence and clinical consequences of purple glove syndrome in patients receiving intravenous phenytoin, Neurology, 1998:51:1034-1039.
2. A prospective study of the purple glove syndrome , Epilepsia, 2001:42(9):1156-1159.
3. Purple glove syndrome : A complication of intravenous phenytoin, J. of Neuroscience Nursing, 1992:24(8):340-345.
4. Purple glove syndrome: a complication of intravenous phenytoin. - J Neurosci Nurs.1992 Dec;24(6):340-5
Thursday, December 13, 2007
Thursday December 13, 2007
Value of Troponins in Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Troponin level is still struggling to find its place in non-cardiac diseases. A meta-analysis is performed in Italy to see prognostic value of troponins in acute pulmonary embolism for short-term death and adverse outcome events (composite of death and any of the following: shock, need for thrombolysis, endotracheal intubation, catecholamine infusion, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or recurrent pulmonary embolism).
Data of 20 studies, spread from January 1998 to November 2006 (including 1985 patients) were included in the analysis.
Results:
Study concluded that — Elevated troponin levels identify patients with acute pulmonary embolism at high risk of short-term death and adverse outcome events.
Reference: Click to get abstract/article
Prognostic Value of Troponins in Acute Pulmonary Embolism - Circulation. 2007;116:427-433.)
Value of Troponins in Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Troponin level is still struggling to find its place in non-cardiac diseases. A meta-analysis is performed in Italy to see prognostic value of troponins in acute pulmonary embolism for short-term death and adverse outcome events (composite of death and any of the following: shock, need for thrombolysis, endotracheal intubation, catecholamine infusion, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or recurrent pulmonary embolism).
Data of 20 studies, spread from January 1998 to November 2006 (including 1985 patients) were included in the analysis.
Results:
- 122 of 618 patients with elevated troponin levels died (19.7%) compared with 51 of 1367 with normal troponin levels (3.7%).
- Elevated troponin levels were significantly associated with short-term mortality, with death resulting from pulmonary embolism and with adverse outcome events
- Elevated troponin levels were associated with a high mortality in the subgroup of hemodynamically stable patients.
Study concluded that — Elevated troponin levels identify patients with acute pulmonary embolism at high risk of short-term death and adverse outcome events.
Reference: Click to get abstract/article
Prognostic Value of Troponins in Acute Pulmonary Embolism - Circulation. 2007;116:427-433.)
Wednesday, December 12, 2007
Wednesday December 12, 2007
Clonidine Toxicity
Q; The treatment of clonidine toxicity is mostly supportive. Which antidote has shown (only anecdotal reports) to reverse altered mental status and associated hypotension with clonidine toxicity ?
A; Naloxone (Narcan).
There are few case reports in literature describing naloxone to improve the altered mental status associated with clonidine toxicity. It also reverses hypotension but may induce severe hypertension while reversing clonidine effect and should be use with caution. Dose should be initiated from 0.2 IV and can be titrated upto 2 mg IV. Doses upto 5-10 mg have been reported but again caution should be exercise.
Another antidote described in literature for clonidine toxicity is yohimbine. (Yohimbine is a central alpha2-adrenergic antagonist). The dose is a single 5.4 mg tablet via enteral route.
Dopamine is the choice of vasopressor in clonidine induced hypotension after IVF boluses. And, atrpoine to counteract bradycardia associted with it.
References: click to get abstract / article
1. Reversal of clonidine toxicity by naloxone - Ann Emerg Med. 1986 Oct;15(10):1229-31.
2. Clonidine toxicity revisited - J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2002;40(2):145-55.
3. Yohimbine as an antidote for clonidine overdose - Am J Emerg Med.1996 Nov;14(7):678-80.
4. Clonidine overdose: report of six cases and review of the literature - Ann Emerg Med. 1981 Feb;10(2):107-12.
5. Toxicity, Clonidine - emedicine.com
Clonidine Toxicity
Q; The treatment of clonidine toxicity is mostly supportive. Which antidote has shown (only anecdotal reports) to reverse altered mental status and associated hypotension with clonidine toxicity ?
A; Naloxone (Narcan).
There are few case reports in literature describing naloxone to improve the altered mental status associated with clonidine toxicity. It also reverses hypotension but may induce severe hypertension while reversing clonidine effect and should be use with caution. Dose should be initiated from 0.2 IV and can be titrated upto 2 mg IV. Doses upto 5-10 mg have been reported but again caution should be exercise.
Another antidote described in literature for clonidine toxicity is yohimbine. (Yohimbine is a central alpha2-adrenergic antagonist). The dose is a single 5.4 mg tablet via enteral route.
Dopamine is the choice of vasopressor in clonidine induced hypotension after IVF boluses. And, atrpoine to counteract bradycardia associted with it.
References: click to get abstract / article
1. Reversal of clonidine toxicity by naloxone - Ann Emerg Med. 1986 Oct;15(10):1229-31.
2. Clonidine toxicity revisited - J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2002;40(2):145-55.
3. Yohimbine as an antidote for clonidine overdose - Am J Emerg Med.1996 Nov;14(7):678-80.
4. Clonidine overdose: report of six cases and review of the literature - Ann Emerg Med. 1981 Feb;10(2):107-12.
5. Toxicity, Clonidine - emedicine.com
Tuesday, December 11, 2007
Tuesday December 11, 2007
Why PO Demerol is not a good idea !!
Overall, demerol (meperidine) is falling out of favor and has been referred by many as 'demon' due to neurotoxicity of its metabolite normeperidine. Fortunately PO (by mouth) demerol is not as popular as IV but it should be avoided at all. PO demerol is way more dangerous than IV demerol. 50% of PO demerol get metabolized first pass via liver and give high level of normeperidine in blood which has long half life of 15-30 hours even with normal kidney function and may accumulate to cause tremors, myoclonus, hallucinations and seizure. Hemodialysis has been described to help in normeperidine toxicity 1.
See nice review at medscape.com - free registration required: Meperidine is Alive and Well in the New Millennium: Evaluation of Meperidine Usage Patterns and Frequency of Adverse Drug Reactions (Dr. Seifert and Dr. Kennedy, Ref: Pharmacotherapy 24(6):776-783, 2004)
Reference: click to get abstract
Successful treatment of normeperidine neurotoxicity by hemodialysis - Am J Kidney Dis. 2000 Jan;35(1):146-9.
Why PO Demerol is not a good idea !!
Overall, demerol (meperidine) is falling out of favor and has been referred by many as 'demon' due to neurotoxicity of its metabolite normeperidine. Fortunately PO (by mouth) demerol is not as popular as IV but it should be avoided at all. PO demerol is way more dangerous than IV demerol. 50% of PO demerol get metabolized first pass via liver and give high level of normeperidine in blood which has long half life of 15-30 hours even with normal kidney function and may accumulate to cause tremors, myoclonus, hallucinations and seizure. Hemodialysis has been described to help in normeperidine toxicity 1.
See nice review at medscape.com - free registration required: Meperidine is Alive and Well in the New Millennium: Evaluation of Meperidine Usage Patterns and Frequency of Adverse Drug Reactions (Dr. Seifert and Dr. Kennedy, Ref: Pharmacotherapy 24(6):776-783, 2004)
Reference: click to get abstract
Successful treatment of normeperidine neurotoxicity by hemodialysis - Am J Kidney Dis. 2000 Jan;35(1):146-9.
Monday, December 10, 2007
Monday December 10, 2007
How many attempts to intubate?
Its hard to give up procedure if you are failing it !! For intubation, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) recommends to limit laryngoscopic attempts to three. Dr. Thomas C. Mort from Hartford Hospital, CT entered 2833 Critically-ill patients, suffering from cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, neurologic, or trauma-related deterioration into an emergency intubation quality improvement database. Data confirmed that the number of laryngoscopic attempts were directly proportional with the incidence of airway and hemodynamic adverse events (more than 2 attempts).
Call for help !! and remember, to limit intubation attempts to 3, unless untill you are trained to deal with 'difficult intubations'.
References: click to get abstract/article
1. Emergency tracheal intubation: complications associated with repeated laryngoscopic attempts - Anesth Analg 2004;99:607-613
How many attempts to intubate?
Its hard to give up procedure if you are failing it !! For intubation, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) recommends to limit laryngoscopic attempts to three. Dr. Thomas C. Mort from Hartford Hospital, CT entered 2833 Critically-ill patients, suffering from cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, neurologic, or trauma-related deterioration into an emergency intubation quality improvement database. Data confirmed that the number of laryngoscopic attempts were directly proportional with the incidence of airway and hemodynamic adverse events (more than 2 attempts).
- incidence of hypoxemia went from 11.8% to 70%,
- incidence of regurgitation of gastric contents went from 1.9% to 22%,
- incidence of aspiration of gastric contents went from 0.8% to 13%,
- incidence of bradycardia went from 1.6% to 21%, and
- incidence of cardiac arrest went from 0.7% to 11%
Call for help !! and remember, to limit intubation attempts to 3, unless untill you are trained to deal with 'difficult intubations'.
References: click to get abstract/article
1. Emergency tracheal intubation: complications associated with repeated laryngoscopic attempts - Anesth Analg 2004;99:607-613
Sunday, December 9, 2007
Sunday, December 9, 2007
Q: what is "cryo reduced plasma"?
A; Yesterday we learned that: one unit of cryoprecipitate is derived from one unit of fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Left over FFP, after removal of cryoprecipitate is called supernatant plasma or CRYO-REDUCED PLASMA.
Clinical Significance: Cryo-reduced plasma is used as a treatment in plasmapheresis for TTP, not responding to regular plasma exchange with FFP. Some physicians even use it as first line for plasmapheresis/Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE) for a patient with Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP).
Q: what is "cryo reduced plasma"?
A; Yesterday we learned that: one unit of cryoprecipitate is derived from one unit of fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Left over FFP, after removal of cryoprecipitate is called supernatant plasma or CRYO-REDUCED PLASMA.
Clinical Significance: Cryo-reduced plasma is used as a treatment in plasmapheresis for TTP, not responding to regular plasma exchange with FFP. Some physicians even use it as first line for plasmapheresis/Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE) for a patient with Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP).
Saturday, December 8, 2007
Saturday December 8, 2007
Ethanol drip in Ethylene Glycol
Q; How you write Ethanol drip in Ethylene Glycol poisoning assuming you don't have Fomepizole or Dialysis available ?
A: Ethylene Glycol poisoning is common and can have bleak outcomes. Intensivists should be aware of all the possible interventions available. Antidotal therapy is based on preventing the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme from metabolizing ethylene glycol into toxic byproducts. In case Fomepizole or Dialysis is not available, Ethanol will competitively inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase. But the serum ethanol level must be monitored frequently.Therapeutic ethanol is administered in a bolus followed by a continuous infusion.
Initially, 7.5 to 10 mL/Kg of 10% ethanol, in D5W, is administered over 30 minutes. Then, a continuous infusion of 1 to 2 mL/Kg/hr of 10% ethanol is infused until the patient has eliminated all of the EG from his serum.
It is important to keep the serum ethanol level at 100 to 150 mg/dL so as to completely inhibit the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme.
Ethanol drip in Ethylene Glycol
Q; How you write Ethanol drip in Ethylene Glycol poisoning assuming you don't have Fomepizole or Dialysis available ?
A: Ethylene Glycol poisoning is common and can have bleak outcomes. Intensivists should be aware of all the possible interventions available. Antidotal therapy is based on preventing the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme from metabolizing ethylene glycol into toxic byproducts. In case Fomepizole or Dialysis is not available, Ethanol will competitively inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase. But the serum ethanol level must be monitored frequently.Therapeutic ethanol is administered in a bolus followed by a continuous infusion.
Initially, 7.5 to 10 mL/Kg of 10% ethanol, in D5W, is administered over 30 minutes. Then, a continuous infusion of 1 to 2 mL/Kg/hr of 10% ethanol is infused until the patient has eliminated all of the EG from his serum.
It is important to keep the serum ethanol level at 100 to 150 mg/dL so as to completely inhibit the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme.
Friday, December 7, 2007
Friday December 7, 2007
Resistant (uncontrolled) / Life-threatening diffuse alveolar hemorrhage
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage remained a condition with high mortality. Usual treatment is high dose IV methylprednisolone (1g/day) for three to five days and in more severe cases to add IV cyclophosphamide (cyclophosphamide has a delayed effect, but may provide synergistic action with steroid). Plasmapheresis has been described to be effective particularly in diffuse alveolar hemorrhage associated with Goodpasture syndrome.But what if bleeding is non-stop and life-threatening ?
Answer is off label use of activated Factor VII (Novoseven). In 3 cases reported from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - bleeding stops and oxygenation improved within minutes 1.
Reference: click to get abstract
Successful Treatment of Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage with Activated Factor VII - annals, 16 March 2004 Volume 140 Issue 6 Pages 493-494
Resistant (uncontrolled) / Life-threatening diffuse alveolar hemorrhage
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage remained a condition with high mortality. Usual treatment is high dose IV methylprednisolone (1g/day) for three to five days and in more severe cases to add IV cyclophosphamide (cyclophosphamide has a delayed effect, but may provide synergistic action with steroid). Plasmapheresis has been described to be effective particularly in diffuse alveolar hemorrhage associated with Goodpasture syndrome.But what if bleeding is non-stop and life-threatening ?
Answer is off label use of activated Factor VII (Novoseven). In 3 cases reported from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - bleeding stops and oxygenation improved within minutes 1.
Reference: click to get abstract
Successful Treatment of Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage with Activated Factor VII - annals, 16 March 2004 Volume 140 Issue 6 Pages 493-494
Thursday, December 6, 2007
Thursday December 6, 2007
Q; What is the re-intubation rate in your ICU ?
A; Re-intubation rates have been reported in literature anywhere from 4% - 20% but most of the experts agree that as far as its less than 15%, you are in normal / safe zone. Ideal would be less than or equal to 5%. Other way is to keep track of reintubation rate and making sure that it is not increasing in your ICU.
Related links:
HOW TO ESTABLISH A VENTILATOR WEANING PROTOCOL , Gregory P. Marelich, MD - thoracic.org
When to wean from a ventilator: An evidence-based strategy, Ref: CLEVELAND CLINIC JOURNAL OF MEDICINE VOLUME 70, NUMBER 5 MAY 2003 page 389
Related previous pearls:
Wednesday, December 5, 2007
Wednesday December 5, 2007
Q; How much intavenous albumin should be given to patient while removing ascitic fluid via paracentesis?
A; Per 2004 guidelines published in Hepatology 2004 Mar;39(3):841-56, for management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis by Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD),
"Post-paracentesis albumin infusion may not be necessary for a single paracentesis of less than 4 to 5 L. For large-volume paracenteses, an albumin infusion of 8 to 10 g per liter of fluid removed can be considered".
(Grade II-2 evidence - Cohort or case-control analytic studies).
Read full guidelines here
Q; How much intavenous albumin should be given to patient while removing ascitic fluid via paracentesis?
A; Per 2004 guidelines published in Hepatology 2004 Mar;39(3):841-56, for management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis by Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD),
"Post-paracentesis albumin infusion may not be necessary for a single paracentesis of less than 4 to 5 L. For large-volume paracenteses, an albumin infusion of 8 to 10 g per liter of fluid removed can be considered".
(Grade II-2 evidence - Cohort or case-control analytic studies).
Read full guidelines here
Tuesday, December 4, 2007
Monday, December 3, 2007
Monday December 3, 2007
What Dig. level makes you happy ?
Digoxin is known to provid reduction in hospitalizations among patients with heart failure and depressed left ventricular systolic function without improving mortality (DIG trial -The Digitalis Investigation Group trial) 1. Very interesting work published in JAMA about 3 years ago (about 3800 patients) as a followup of above trial - looking into mortality association with different Digoxin level 2 . What they found:
* SDC = serum digoxin concentration
* Patients were divided into 3 groups based on SDC at 1 month
Study suggested that the effectiveness of digoxin therapy in men with heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction of 45% or less may be optimized in the SDC range of 0.5 to 0.8 ng/mL.
Read interesting article: DIGOXIN DELUSIONS (from ucsf.edu)
References: Click to get abstract
1. The Effect of Digoxin on Mortality and Morbidity in Patients with Heart Failure, The Digitalis Investigation Group - NEJM, Vol 336, Feb 20, 1997, number 8
2. Association of Serum Digoxin Concentration and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure -JAMA. 2003;289:871-878.
What Dig. level makes you happy ?
Digoxin is known to provid reduction in hospitalizations among patients with heart failure and depressed left ventricular systolic function without improving mortality (DIG trial -The Digitalis Investigation Group trial) 1. Very interesting work published in JAMA about 3 years ago (about 3800 patients) as a followup of above trial - looking into mortality association with different Digoxin level 2 . What they found:
* SDC = serum digoxin concentration
* Patients were divided into 3 groups based on SDC at 1 month
- Patients with SDCs of 0.5 to 0.8 ng/mL had a 6.3% lower mortality rate compared with patients receiving placebo.
- No reduction in mortality among patients with SDCs of 0.9 to 1.1 ng/mL,
And
- Patients with SDCs of 1.2 ng/mL and higher had an 11.8% higher absolute mortality rate than patients receiving placebo.
Study suggested that the effectiveness of digoxin therapy in men with heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction of 45% or less may be optimized in the SDC range of 0.5 to 0.8 ng/mL.
Read interesting article: DIGOXIN DELUSIONS (from ucsf.edu)
References: Click to get abstract
1. The Effect of Digoxin on Mortality and Morbidity in Patients with Heart Failure, The Digitalis Investigation Group - NEJM, Vol 336, Feb 20, 1997, number 8
2. Association of Serum Digoxin Concentration and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure -JAMA. 2003;289:871-878.
Sunday, December 2, 2007
Sunday December 2, 2007
Q; Which condition may mimic pseudo-atrial flutter on EKG and monitor?
A; Parkinsonian tremor (first reported about 40 years ago 1 and later on many other reports confirmed it). Recently in, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, a case has been reported of pseudo atrial flutter with use of portable CD player by patient. 2
References:
1. MUSCLE-TREMOR ARTIFACT DUE TO PARKINSON'S SYNDROME. IT STIMULATED ATRIAL FLUTTER AND DISAPPEARED DURING SLEEP - Postgrad Med. 1965 Jun;37:718-20.
2. Atrial flutter simulated by a portable CD player - mayo clinic proceedings - march 2006,82(3), Page 383 -pdf file
Q; Which condition may mimic pseudo-atrial flutter on EKG and monitor?
A; Parkinsonian tremor (first reported about 40 years ago 1 and later on many other reports confirmed it). Recently in, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, a case has been reported of pseudo atrial flutter with use of portable CD player by patient. 2
References:
1. MUSCLE-TREMOR ARTIFACT DUE TO PARKINSON'S SYNDROME. IT STIMULATED ATRIAL FLUTTER AND DISAPPEARED DURING SLEEP - Postgrad Med. 1965 Jun;37:718-20.
2. Atrial flutter simulated by a portable CD player - mayo clinic proceedings - march 2006,82(3), Page 383 -pdf file
Saturday, December 1, 2007
Saturday December 1, 2007
Zolpidem-Induced Delirium
Relatively Zolpidem (Ambien) is a safe medicine and recently has been the drug of choice in critical care units to induce sleep. But it is important to be aware of reported cases of Ambien related psychosis, delirium and mania.
Atleast one case is reported with visual perception distortion after a single dose of zolpidem.
One way to combat the problem is to decrease the prescribing dose particularly in elderly population and in hypoalbuminemia (5 mg instead of 10 mg). Also, female population has been reported to have more plasma level with same dose. Also note that Zolpidem metabolized through liver so it may be necessary to decrease the dose in liver insufficiency.
Related previous pearls: SEROTONIN SYNDROME
References: click to get abstract / article
1. Delirium associated with zolpidem - The Annals of Pharmacotherapy: Vol. 35, No. 12, pp. 1562-1564
2. Zolpidem-Induced Delirium With Mania in an Elderly Woman - Psychosomatics 45:88-89, February 2004
3. Zolpidem-induced agitation and disorganization. - Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996 Nov;18(6):452-3. (pubmed)
4. Zolpidem-induced psychosis. - Ann Clin Psychiatry.1996 Jun;8(2):89-91. (pubmed)
5. Clinical pharmacokinetics of zolpidem in various physiological and pathological conditions, in Imidazopyridines in Sleep Disorders. Edited by Sauvanet JP, Langer SZ, Morselli PL. New York, Raven Press, 1988, pp 155–163
6. Zolpidem-Induced Distortion in Visual Perception - The Annals of Pharmacotherapy: Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 683-686
Zolpidem-Induced Delirium
Relatively Zolpidem (Ambien) is a safe medicine and recently has been the drug of choice in critical care units to induce sleep. But it is important to be aware of reported cases of Ambien related psychosis, delirium and mania.
Atleast one case is reported with visual perception distortion after a single dose of zolpidem.
One way to combat the problem is to decrease the prescribing dose particularly in elderly population and in hypoalbuminemia (5 mg instead of 10 mg). Also, female population has been reported to have more plasma level with same dose. Also note that Zolpidem metabolized through liver so it may be necessary to decrease the dose in liver insufficiency.
Related previous pearls: SEROTONIN SYNDROME
References: click to get abstract / article
1. Delirium associated with zolpidem - The Annals of Pharmacotherapy: Vol. 35, No. 12, pp. 1562-1564
2. Zolpidem-Induced Delirium With Mania in an Elderly Woman - Psychosomatics 45:88-89, February 2004
3. Zolpidem-induced agitation and disorganization. - Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996 Nov;18(6):452-3. (pubmed)
4. Zolpidem-induced psychosis. - Ann Clin Psychiatry.1996 Jun;8(2):89-91. (pubmed)
5. Clinical pharmacokinetics of zolpidem in various physiological and pathological conditions, in Imidazopyridines in Sleep Disorders. Edited by Sauvanet JP, Langer SZ, Morselli PL. New York, Raven Press, 1988, pp 155–163
6. Zolpidem-Induced Distortion in Visual Perception - The Annals of Pharmacotherapy: Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 683-686
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